山东临淄齐国故城石佛堂炼铜遗存的调查与研究

Survey and Study of Bronze Smelting Remains at Shifotang on the Qi State Capital-site in Zibo,Shandong

本文运用扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析(SEM-EDS)等研究方法,对石佛堂村采集的炉渣样品进行科学分析。结果表明,石佛堂遗址的炉渣可分四类,其中三类炉渣基体成分相似,硅、铁含量较高,一类基体含有较高的硅、铁、钡。遗址采集到的炉渣均为还原渣,第一类炉渣所对应的产物为红铜,第二类炉渣是在冶炼过程中偶然产生的。第三类炉渣对应的产物是金属铅,第四类炉渣所对应的产物为青铜。炉渣有合适的密度、硅酸度、熔点及良好的流动性,渣中含铜量较低,熔炼的还原气氛较好。以上述分析为基础,结合附近矿产资源的赋存与开发情况,认为石佛堂遗址在战国汉代时期很可能存在着利用其他地点冶炼的冰铜与单独冶炼的铅、来源不明的锡锑合金共同冶炼青铜的工艺。对邹平县西铜山的初步考察发现了采矿石锤等证据。

The slag samples from the Shifotang site in Linzi City of the Qi State have been examined and analyzed by using scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectrometry （SEM-EDS） . The analytical results show that slag from this site can be divided into four categories. Three of them have the similar matrix composition, which have high silicon and iron content. One of them has high silicon, iron and barium content. All the slag is reducing slag. The smelting products of the first kind of slag are copper. The second kind of slag comes from an abnormal condition. The products of the third kind of slag are lead, and that of the forth kind are bronzes. All the slag has suitable density, degree of silication, melting point, nice liquidity and low copper content. Furthermore, the authors suggest forcefully that a process with matte which smelt in other place was transported to the site and smelt with Pb and Sn-Sb to produce bronze. The lead was smelt separately in the site with the ores contained barite nearby. As evidence of ancient mining, a stone hammer was found in Xitongshan located about 60km in the southwest of the Shifotang site.