大栅栏文化保护区四合院更新改造新探索

New Exploration on the Transformation and Update of Court- yard in Dashilan Cultural Protection Area

北京四合院作为北方传统民居的典型代表是构成北京旧城城市肌理的基本单元．城市疾速发展带来的人口压力和生活方式的转变造成四合院内人口密度过大、居住空间紧张、生活环境恶劣，许多四合院甚至整片传统街区目渐消弭随着一系列保护规划措施的出台和旧城历史文化保护片区的划定，如何在保护历史风貌的前提下，提高居住质量，改善人居环境，创造适应当前居民生活需求的四合院空间成为一项亟待探索的新课题作者有幸参与了北京市大栅栏文化保护区四合院改造项目，通过深入调研延寿街6个传统院落，发现经历了多次人口变迁和所有制变更后四合院肌理遭到严重破坏、院内私搭乱建严重、通道细长狭小、建筑残损不堪、原有空间格局和庭院绿化完全丧失等普遍问题本文依照历史文化保护区原则，根据“有机更新”理论，采取“渐进式”改造模式，给出在不同居住密度下的多种改造方案。结合院落性质和特点，采取对现存建筑拆除、修缮、重建，协调建筑形式、材质、色彩，梳理空间结构、流线、布局，对建筑内部和外部空间进行水平和垂直方向加建以及加入单元“模块”灵活增减居住单元和功能空间等新的手段。

The Beijing courtyard is a typical representative of the traditional houses in northern China, is the basic unit of the urban fabric, and also a true portrayal of the life in the traditional streets and marketplaces. The rapid development of the city has brought a large number of populations, new housing demands and market environment have caused the traditional living system of Beijing old city overwhelmed. With the introduction of a series of measures for the protection planning of the old city, the transformation and update movement of traditional street areas and courtyards is in full swing. But the overeager transformation wave has shocked the lifestyle and traditional culture which formed in long old years and triggered some new social problems. This article summarizes the investigation and study situations and the designs of the courtyard transformation project in Beijing Dashilan cultural protection district. Through in- depth research on six traditional courtyards at Yanshou Street in Dashilan area, we conclude the main problems that residents concern generally which are the excessive density population, tense living area and poor living conditions. In response to these circumstances, we propose that the plan should respect for socialfairness, protect the historical style and improve the quality of living. We use the scenario simulation method to set a lower limit and an ideal limit of population evacuation mode and give the appropriate demographic indicators with the planning designs. Combined with the transformation designs and the comparative analysis of concrete courtyards, this article focuses on the possibility to create a safe comfortable and adaptability courtyard living space under the premise of protecting the low- income groups＇ interests by means of re-combing the courtyard space structure, adjusting the number of resident population, coordinating architectural styles and improving space utilization.