尼耳斯·玻尔原子理论的经验证据

Empirical Aspects of Niels Bohr's Atomic Theory

尼耳斯·玻尔关于原子结构的量子理论在1913-1925年占据原子和分子物理学主流地位。这一理论不仅在理论上有创新之处,在经验上也十分成功,这一点成为人们在早期接受该理论的主要原因。玻尔本人十分热衷于实验预测和实验检验,从未忘记一个好的物理学理论必须与实验结果一致。本文将概述玻尔原始理论的一些不太为人所知的相关实验,继而介绍他在1921-1923年提出的修正模型。玻尔雄心勃勃地希望在此模型中能够用元素的电子组态来解释周期系。在本文结尾部分,笔者将简述玻尔轨道原子模型向基于海森伯量子力学的新原子理论的过渡。

Niels Bohr＇s quantum theory of atomic structure dominated atomic and molecular physics in the period from about 1913 to 1925. The theory was not only theoretically innovative, but it was also empirically successful, which was the main reason why it was accepted at an early date. Bohr himself was deeply occupied with experimental predictions and tests, and he never forgot that a good physical theory must agree with experiments. This paper outlines some of the less well-known experimental aspects of Bohr＇s original theory and then proceeds to his revised model of 1921-1923 in which he ambitiously sought to explain the periodic system in terms of the electron configurations of the elements. At the end of the paper, I briefly account for the transition from Bohr＇ s orbital atomic model to the new atomic theory based on Heisenberg＇ s quantum mechanics.