阿尔贝蒂的透视法及其测绘学背景探究

Alberti's Perspective and Its Background of Surveying and Mapping

从14世纪开始,粗糙的透视画法已逐渐出现在欧洲绘画之中,其中的水平线透视变换问题构成了阿尔贝蒂发明其透视建构法的直接动机。在《论绘画》中,阿尔贝蒂对视觉金字塔原理作出了详细的阐释,据此对绘画的本质进行了重新的定义,提出了自己的透视建构方法。这一方法分为四个步骤,分别为:一、确定画框和单位长度;二、确定中心点,对垂直线进行投影变换;三、确定距离点,对水平线进行投影变换;四、对角线检验,确定等头高地平线。其中的第二步和第三步分别和地平仪、视距镖两种阿尔贝蒂发明和使用的大地测量仪器遵循相同的原理,由此可见其透视建构法有其深刻的测绘学背景。

Since the 14th century European painters had begun to use kinds of rough perspective method, in which the problem of projection of traverse parallels still remain unsolved, being a direct motivation for Alberti to invent his own construction method. In On Painting, he made a clear explanation of visual pyramid and a new definition for paint, and thereafter, his construzione legttima. This method can be divided into four steps： 1. draw a quadrangle and common measure within it, 2. given the central point and draw perpendicular lines, 3. given the distance point and draw parallel lines, 4. Rule of diagonal examination, draw horizon line isocephaly. Particularly, the second and the third step are respectively corresponding to two instruments of geodetic surveying, Horizon and Dardo, showing that Alberti＇ s method was deeply influenced by surveying and mapping