民国历史教科书中的民族认同与政治认同——以“清朝史”叙述为中心

National Identity and Political Identity in Textbook of Republic of China——In Center of the Narrative about the History of Qing Dynasty

民国时期历史教科书对清朝历史书写,关系到民族认同的建构,也关系到民国政权合法性的确立。民国教科书对清朝统治持批判态度:北京政府时期主要从"共和"立场批判清朝专制统治;南京政府时期从汉族立场批判满清朝民族压迫。北京政府时期的"共和"立场与民初共和政体相关,南京政府时期的汉族立场受国民党党国体制的影响。民初共和政体与国民党党国体制的确立,使统治合法性来源发生了根本变化,民族主义诉求及其表现形式有很大不同。党国体制使民族、国家与政党的关系发生了改变,在中国民族关系上存在着双重叙述立场,深刻影响到民族认同的建构。对中国民族主义的研究,尚需关注内部因素。

The editing of Qing Dynasty in the period of Republic of China concerned to the construction of the national identity as well as the establishment of the legality of the political power of Republic of China. The textbook was critical to the dominion of Qing government： Beijing government criticized the Qing autocracy from the standpoint of republicanism,Nanjing government criticized the national repression from the standpoint of Han nationality. The republicanism in the textbook of Beijing government was related to republic system of the beginning of Republic of China, the standpointof Han nationality in the period of Nanjing government was influenced by Kuomintang political system. The establishment of republic government and Kuomintang system changed the origin of the ruling legitimacy and affected the national identity construction deeply. The establishment of Kuomintang party-country-system changed the nationalism appeal and its manifestation. The research to Chinese nationalism still needs to pay attention to Chinese internal factors.