自由证明原理与技术性证据规则——英美证据法的前提性假设和两种功能解释

The Doctrine of Free Proof and Technical Rules of Evidence—Prerequisite Assumption and Two Functional Explanations of the Evidence Law in Common Law System

英美法系在历史发展过程中,通过法官创设的判决先例逐渐确立了各种约束司法证明的证据排除规则,并且在理论研究中存在将证据分量进行分类化比较和形式化界定的主张。对司法证明程序进行规制的倾向引发了边沁的"反规范"理论。它实际上体现了自由证明的理念。现代英美法系证据法都将自由证明作为一个前提性假设:除非有可以证成的理由,否则不应设定技术化的证据规则规制司法证明。因此,作为英美证据法主体性规范的排除规则,必须存在使其正当化的理由。排除证据的传统理由是不信任陪审团能够理性地评价某些证据种类;后来出现的一个替代性理由是控制律师的举证行为。对英美证据法前提性假设和功能解释的研究能够给我国的证据立法以启示。

In p ally established through dences and the ideas of rocess of its historical development judicial precedents created by ju d the common law system has gradu ges various exclusory rules of eviclassified comparison and formalized definition of the weight of evidence have been put forward in theoretical research. The tendency to regulate the judicial proof proce dure had given rise to Jeremy Bentham ＇ s ＂ denormalization theory＂, which actually embodies the idea of free proof. The evidence law of modern common law system takes free proof as a pre requisite assumption： judicial proof should not be regulated by technical rules of evidence, un less there exists a justifiable ground for doing so. Therefore, the exclusory rules of evidence, as a subjective norm of the common law system, must be able to prove its own legitimacy. The tra ditional justification for the exclusory rules of evidence is that the jury cannot be trusted to ra tionally assess certain kinds of evidence. A recent alternative justification is the need to regulate lawyers＇ act of producing of evidence. The research on the prerequisite assumption and function al interpretation of the evidence law in the common law system will be able to provide some in spirations to China in the field of evidence law.