摘要
自从人口统计学的开始，和男肥沃(他复制的生物能力) 是富饶率的一个部件，富饶是被测量了的几个概念。不幸地，我们没有直接测量男部件的方法，尽管几个间接标记能被使用。人口寄存器能被用来监视无儿女的夫妇，收到施主精液的夫妇，在 dizygotic twinning 的趋势，和不孕的比例诊断。用 time-to-pregnancy (TTP ) 的研究可以鉴别夫妇 subfecundity，和 TTP 数据将与精子质量和数量以及性活动相关，很多其它调节。有为可得到的暴露数据结合一个多产的女搭挡将做对识别可以影响男肥沃的暴露的兴趣的 TTP 研究。象精子质量和数量那样的生物指示物孤立富饶，和精液数据的男部件因此为研究仍然是信息的重要来源。不幸地，经常，在邀请提供一个精子的那些的一半上，样品将拒绝，并且学习当时易于可以介绍偏爱的一种选择。因为为损害精液生产的暴露的最重要的时间窗户能是射精的早胎儿的生活，发身，和时间；在时间的十年的纵的数据被要求。质量和数量应该继续，并且调查监视富饶和等待的 TTP 的精液的进行中的监视应该也被设计。
Fertility is a couple concept that has been measured since the beginning of demography, and male fecundity （his biological capacity to reproduce） is a component of the fertility rate. Unfortunately, we have no way of measuring the male component directly, although several indirect markers can be used. Population registers can be used to monitor the proportion of childless couples, couples who receive donor semen, trends in dizygotic twinning, and infertility diagnoses. Studies using time-to-pregnancy （TTP） may identify couple subfecundity, and TTP data will correlate with sperm quality and quantity as well as sexual activity and a number of other conditions. Having exposure data available for couples with a fecund female partner would make TTP studies of interest in identifying exposures that may affect male fecundity. Biological indicators such as sperm quality and quantity isolate the male component of fertility, and semen data therefore remain an important source of information for research. Unfortunately, often over half of those invited to provide a sperm sample will refuse, and the study is then subject to a selection that may introduce bias. Because the most important time windows for exposures that impair semen production could be early fetal life, puberty, and the time of ejaculation; longitudinal data over decades of time are required. The ongoing monitoring of semen quality and quantity should continue, and surveys monitoring fertility and waiting TTP should also be designed.
