成都市某二级甲等医院发生术后医院感染现状及相关因素研究

Present Situation and Risk Factors for Surgical Patients Associated with Postoperative Nosocomial Infection in A Second-grade Class-A Hospital of Chengdu

目的对外科手术患者术后发生医院感染的情况进行目标性监测,探讨影响术后发生医院感染的相关危险因素,为制定医院感染控制措施提供科学依据。方法 2011年7月-2012年6月采用整群抽样的方法,对成都市某二级甲等医院骨科、神经外科和胸外科手术患者647例采用统一的调查表进行前瞻性调查。调查内容包括患者的一般情况、手术情况、抗菌药物使用情况和医院感染情况。资料分析采用全国医院感染监测网软件及单因素χ2检验进行分析。结果共发生术后医院感染50例次,医院感染例次发病率为7.73%;术后医院感染发病率最高的科室为神经外科;感染高发部位为下呼吸道和手术部位。围手术期抗菌药物使用时间不同,感染发病率不同,差异有统计学意义(χ2=601.50,P<0.001);医生调整术后医院感染发病专率除神经外科1名医生外其余医生均高于调整前。影响该院术后感染的危险因素主要为基础疾病、急诊手术、麻醉方式、手术时间、住院时间和术后引流等;引发该院医院感染的细菌主要为G-杆菌,常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌。结论应特别加强神经外科术后医院感染的预防与控制;对伴有基础疾病的患者,术前应积极改善患者身体状况,控制原发病灶;针对不同的外科手术相关因素采取有针对性的控制措施;应根据流行菌株合理选择抗菌药物。

Objective To explore the risk factors for surgical patients associated with postoperative nosocomial infection through monitoring the infection conditions of the patients, in order to provide a scientific basis for the development of hospital infection control measures in a second-grade class-A hospital in Chengdu City. Methods We conducted the survey with cluster sampling as the sampling method and the uniform questionnaire in the departments of orthopedic, neural and thoracic surgery from July 2011 to June 2012. The main parameters we observed were the patients＇ general and surgical conditions, antibiotics usage and hospital infection situation. Data were analyzed using the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Network software and chi-square test of single factors. Results In this survey, we monitored 50 cases of postoperative hospital infection. The infection rate was 7.73% and the highest infection rate was in the Neurosurgery Department. The main site of infection was lower respiratory tract, followed by surgical site. The different usage time of antimicrobial drug in perioperative period resulted in different infection rates, and the difference was statistically significant （Х^2=601.50, P 〈 0.005）. The rate of adjusted postoperative hospital infection was higher than pre-adjusted rate except that of the neurosurgery doctor 4. The risk factors associated with hospital postoperative infection in our hospital were： patients＇ conditions including underlying disease, emergency surgery, type of anesthesia, operative duration, hospital stay and postoperative drainage. Most of the hospital infection cases were caused by bacteria of the gram-negative bacilli, and the major pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in our hospital. Conclusions The hospital should particularly strengthen the prevention and control of hospital infection in patients after neurosurgical operations. For patients with basic diseases, we should actively improve the patients＇ physical conditions before operation and control the primary lesion. Targeted control measures should be taken for different factors related to surgery. Reasonable selection of antimicrobial agents should be based on the epidemic strains in our hospital.