ACC/ AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Renal artery stenosis(RAS)is a common form of peripheral arterial disease.It is predominantly unilateral.The most common cause of RAS is atherosclerosis,followed by fibromuscular dysplasia,a primary abnormality of the renal artery.ARAS frequently affects men older than 40 years of age who have risk factors of atherosclerosis,such as smoking,dyslipidemia,and diabetes.

Renal artery stenosis （RAS） is a common form of peripheral arterial disease. It is predominantly unilateral. The most common cause of RAS is atherosclerosis, followed by fibromuscular dysplasia, a primary abnormality of the renal artery. ARAS frequently af- fects men older than 40 years of age who have risk factors of atherosclerosis, such as smoking, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. The patho- physiologic mechanism stems from renal underperfusion resulting in the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. Even though the majority of patients with RAS are asymptomatic, it can clinically present with hypertension, nephropathy and congestive heart failure. This progressive disease can lead to resistant hypertension and end stage kidney failure. Screening patients for RAS with either Doppler uhrasonography, computed tomographic angiography, or magnetic resonance angio^raphv is preferred.