从昭宗谥号被驳看唐末文官操守

On Civil Officers' Integrity in the Late Tang Dynasty Based on the Denouncement of Zhao Zong's Posthumous Title

唐末文官苏楷怨恨昭宗曾对自己科考的黜落,于昭宗被弑后恶意斥驳昭宗谥号,极显背主求荣的不臣之心,操守低下。唐末宰执集团出自避祸的考量,无奈顺时应变集体降梁,但仍有如柳璨者心存唐室,施救忠臣。宋人秉持忠义观念多苛求于此,反倒是宋后评价较为公允,司空图、韩偓、罗隐三人成为被推崇的代表。究其原因,唐代一直儒、释、道三教并行,社会生存价值观念多种多样,以宋及以后的忠君观念要求唐末文官操守超升,无疑是脱离时代背景的一厢情愿而已,唐末文官操守应该在批评的基础上有所肯定才是。

The late Tang Dynasty civil officer Su Kai resented Zhao Zong＇s （the King Li Ye） reproving his writing after the imperial civil examination. So after Zhao Zong was murdered, Su Kai maliciously denounced his posthumous title which shows Sukai＇s disloyalty and his lack of integrity. In order to avoid calamity, the group of people in power then had to give in to Su＇kai, though some like Liucan still kept their loyalty to the Tang Dynasty and saving the loyal officers. The above points were agreed on by most sholars and officers in the Song Dynasty from the perspective of loyalty to the court. While sholars and officers in the late Song Dynasty had fair comment on that, among whom Si Kong-tu, Han Wo and Luo Yin were highly regarded as the representatives. Given that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexisted with various values and ideas in the Tang Dynasty, it is against the times for the Song people afterward to demand the Tang officers to have such high integrity. Therefore, posivtive comments should be given critically on Tang officers＇ integrity.