鄱阳湖越冬鸟类种群动态与保护研究

THE RESEARCH ON WINTER BIRD POPULATION DYNAMIC AND CONSERVATION IN POYANG LAKE

目前为止缺少对鄱阳湖全湖冬候鸟的种群动态和群落方面的研究分析，拟通过对鄱阳湖冬候鸟群落多样性和种群动态的分析，为该地区冬候鸟及其栖息地保护提出建设性建议。2010～2012年冬季，通过采用直接计数法和样线法调查鄱阳湖湿地冬季碟形湖内的越冬鸟类群落结构。总共记录到越冬鸟类88种，另有29种属于文献报道但本次调查中未发现的种类。总共117种鸟类分别属于鹏鹧目、鹈形目、鹳形目、雁形目、鹤形目、鹆行目和佛法僧目。在鄱阳湖，种类和数量分布最多的是冬候鸟，达到78种。小天鹅、鸿雁、豆雁、白额雁、绿翅鸭和斑嘴鸭是鄱阳湖湿地越冬鸟类中的绝对优势种，鸟类个体数量最多的冬季蝶形湖泊主要包括鄱阳湖自然保护区的蚌湖、大湖池、沙湖和大汉湖，都昌县的黄金嘴，南矶山湿地自然保护区的白沙湖，余干县的林充湖和南湖，以及鄱阳县的珠湖。各种越冬鸟类在鄱阳湖湿地的种群数量分布差异主要是与各碟形湖水位的高低和食物的分布密切相关。只有在冬季开始后，使碟形湖洼地的水位逐渐降低，越冬鸟类才能够更有效的利用湖？白中的食物。

Up till now, a complete survey on wintering bird population or avian community state in the Poyang Lake is lacking. So, here we mainly aims to study the avian population dynamics and species diversity in this area, which can help to put forward a better advice on the wintering birds and their respective habitations conservation. From 2010 to 2012, the winter bird community structure was investigated carefully in the whole Poyang Lake. Based on the distribution characteristic of the most wintering bird in the Poyang Lake, both the ring-lake walking directly counting process and sample line methods were used for the survey on wintering birds in all dished lakes.Moreover, we also went boating and used concentric circle-sample method to investigate the water birds distributed in deeper water area of the Poyang Lake.On the other hand,we walked or went boating at speed from 1.5 to 2.0 km per hour to investigate all onshore wading birds such as the cranes, storks, gooses and sandpipers by naked eye and telescope.When counting birds,we only adopted the birds staying or flying from the both sides and from the front.Meanwhile, considering heterogeneous distribution of the most wading birds, the individuals were counted by the statistic laws including the quadrat investigation,line-intercept method and direct counting method.Eighty-eight bird species were totally found in the field, but there was no record for 29 species reported formerly.All these 117 species belonged to six orders including Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes and Coraciiformes.Seventy-eight winter migrant bird species,the most group in all bird species,were recorded in this investigation. There were 6 dominant wintering species including Cygnus colurnbianus, Anser cygnoides, A.f abalis, A.albi f rons, Anas crecca and Anas poecilorhyncha in the Poyang Lake.Their mean individuals per year were all more than 10 000 in the survey area.Cygnus colurnbianus had the highest population number among this species,which reached to 54 277＋36 600 per year.Especially, most of individuals of Cygnus colurnbianus were found in the Xin River and its peripheral dished lakes in Yugan County of Jiangxi Province. Our investigation on wintering bird also indicated that the most birds were found in the lakes including Banghu, Dahuchi, Shahu, Dashahu, Huangjinzui,Baishahu, Linchonghu, Nanhu and Zhuhu,which were just the most important habitats for winter migrants in the Poyang Lake that needed to be concerned carefully and conserved in the future for the conservationist. Finally, our research indicated that the difference of species diversity and individual quantity distribution in Poyang Lake wetland was mainly caused by the water level and food richness of dished lakes. Only water level declined gradually in the winter, the wintering birds can more effectively make use of the food from these lakes.