自我、社会与道德--米德伦理学思想刍议

George Herbert Mead's Ethic Thoughts

在米德看来,个体行为道德与否的标准取决于社会共同体的态度,伦理问题产生于个体与他人的对立而消失于个体与他人的相互认同;动机论者与效果论者都无法获得某种普遍的道德法则,因为他们认为欲望针对快乐而非对象。道德行为的动机是指向社会的冲动,诸多冲动有优劣之别,判断标准在于那种冲动所引起的行动是否又反过来增强了冲动。道德生活的任务就是在相互作用的个体自我之间整合各种冲动,努力最大限度地满足与扩展那些相关的冲动,即让主体间与主体内的冲动得到最大程度的和谐。

According to Mead, whether an individual＇ s behavior is moral depends on the atti- tude of the social community. Ethic problems emerge from the opposition between the individual and the other and vanish with their mutual identification. Neither motive thinkers nor effect theorists can obtain universal principles, because they both think that desire is related to pleasure instead of ob- ject. The motive of moral behaviors are the society-oriented impulsions that can be good or bad, the judgment of which depends on whether the impulsion-aroused behaviors strengthens the impulsion vice versa. The task of moral life is to integrate various kinds of impulsions among interacting indi- viduals, striving to utmostly satisfy and expand the related impulsions, i.e. to utmostly harmonize the inter- and intra-individual impulsions.