试论明中后期捐纳与社会风气之渐变

A Study of the Changes of Juanna and Social Customs in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty

明中后期以来,随着商品经济的发展,社会风气亦随之发生变化,尤其是自捐纳推行以来,买官之风日益渗入社会各领域,对当时的政治、社会、风俗礼制、社会治安等影响颇深。时人出于对功名利禄的追求而买官,上任后捞回本钱的心理促使其加倍贪污。假官、借贷业也随之发展,利用人们权欲心理,有些人出售假官假印以谋取钱财;无钱者借高利贷捐官入仕,后贪污勒索偿还债务。捐纳的推行使人们的价值取向、伦理道德观念遭到破坏,原本日渐奢靡的社会风气雪上加霜,僭越、买官、贪污现象泛滥不可止,社会风气日渐浮薄。反之,此社会风气之渐变也促使捐纳更加泛滥,加速明王朝之灭亡。

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty ,with the development of commodity economy ,social cli-mate changed ,especially when Juanna infiltrated society and influenced social customs ,rituals ,and public order deeply . The vice of buying official positions was increasing and official corruption was rampant . Many persons bought positions and privileges .Once being in power ,they redoubled corruption to repay their losses .False official positions and loans began to develop .Someone used people’s thirst for power to sell false official positions and stamp for money .People who had no money borrowed money from loan sharks for buying offical positions .Until once they were in power ,they paid off all debts by defalcating . People’s value orientation and ethic perceptions were broken .At the same time ,breaking the rules and buying offcial positions began to overflow the social vices such as cheating superiors ,buying offical posi-tions and embezzlement ,which causes the social customs to be frivolous gradually and impelled Juanna spreading more unchecked .All these accelerated the toppling of Ming Dynasty .