某大型造船厂职业危害因素分析

Detection of occupational hazards in a large shipbuilding factory

【摘要】目的分析某大型造船厂工作场所职业病危害情况和作业人员健康检查状况，为职业病防治提供依据。方法2009至2012年连续4年对该造船厂进行职业卫生现场调查，并对工作场所职业危害因素检测结果及2010年和2012年工人健康体检结果进行分析。结果该造船厂除会属尘（总尘）外．其他粉尘（总尘）以及二氧化锰均有不同程度的超标，其中超标最严重的是二氧化锰，定点采样检测超标42．8％，个体检测CTWA最大值达27．927mg/m3，远高于国家标准限值。噪声作业岗位71％工人（110／155）每日接触噪声强度超过国家接触限值[85dB]标准。个体采样检测结果中，二甲苯超标38．4％，最高浓度达1447．7mg／m3，甲苯和乙苯也有不同程度超标。2010年和2012年年健康体检结果显示工人电测听异常率均大于15％。结论粉尘（总尘）、二氧化锰、苯系物以及噪声是该造船厂主要职业病危害因素．应加强对这些职业病危害因素的预防控制。

Objective To provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases by the analysis of existing major occupational hazards and health conditions of workers in a large shipbuilding factory. Methods Field investigation of occupational conditions was conducted to examine the existence of occupational hazards from 2009 to 2012 in a large shipbuilding factory, and then the results of physical examination among its workers were analyzed. Results Other than the metal dust （total dust）, the levels of other dusts and manganese dioxide were beyond the national standard to various degrees, and through a sampling point detection, it was found that the levels of manganese dioxide exceeded the standard by 42.8%. The maximum time-weighted average concentration in individuals was 27.927 mg/ms, much higher than the national standard limit. For harmful gas detection in individuals, xylene was 38.4% above the standard level （the highest concentration reached 1447.7 rag/m3）; moreover, both toluene and ethylbenzene exceeded the national standard at different levels. Among the noise-exposed workers, 71% worked in the environment where the daily noise was above the limit of the national standard （85 dB）. Physical examinations in 2010 and 2012 showed that the abnormal rate of audiometry in workers was higher than 15%. Conclusion Dust （total dust）, manganese dioxide, benzene, and noise are the main occupational hazards among the workers in the large shipbuilding factory, and strict protection and control for these hazards should be implemented for the workers in the factory.