实践/操劳与理论

Praxis/Besorgen and Theory

《存在与时间》中的"操劳"(Besorgen)这个概念深受亚里士多德"实践"(praxis)概念的影响,突出的一点为,海德格尔认为"操劳有它自己的认识",这可以视作实践有其特属的知,即phronesis的翻版。但"操劳"与亚里士多德的"实践"也有几点明显的区别。在这些区别处,文章认为亚里士多德更为合理。既然实践有它自己的认识,我们为什么要发展出理论认知?这对亚里士多德不是一个问题,而对海德格尔却正是,因为在海德格尔那里,理论认知并没有独立的地位,更谈不上是最高的善好。最后,《存在与时间》笼统地用实践经验的专题化说明理论的发生,包括物理学型理论在内,这也是作者不能同意的。文章认为,我们需要区分两类理论:一类是物理学型理论,一类是伦理学—政治学型理论;后者是实践经验的专题发展,而前者不是。

The concept of Besorgen in Being and Time is deeply influenced by Aristotle＇s concept of praxis. The aphorism ＂das Besorgen hat seine eigene Erkenntnis＂ echoes Aristotle＇s phronesis, a particular form of knowing that belongs to praxis. Besorgen, on the other hand, differs from Aristotle＇s praxis in some important aspects. On these differences, according to the present author, Aristotle proves to be more reasonable. Why do we develop theoretic knowledge since praxis has its own knowing？ This is not a problem for Aristotle because theoria is thought to be the highest good for man. However, it is a problem for Heidegger. Furthermore, the author disagrees with Heidegger when he understands all theoretic knowledge, theories of the physics type included, as thematization of praxis. While ethical and political theories can be said so, theories of the physics type can not.