超越、超越论与海德格尔的《存在与时间》

Transzendenz,Transzendental and Heidegger's Beingand Time

超越/超越论(Transzendenz/transzendental)问题是贯穿《存在与时间》全书的核心问题。通过对康德哲学中"transzendental"概念的梳理以及对海德格尔从现象学角度对相关概念所进行的批判性思考的文本分析,文章力图指出:超越与超越论问题在海德格尔那里,首要地和根本地是一个存在论和生存论的问题,而非知识论(康德)或者意识哲学(胡塞尔)的问题。这也就是说,科学经验知识,乃至全部意向性意识如何可能的问题,只有在人类亲在的生存论-存在论分析的基础上才能得到真正的理解和把握。也只有在这个基本线索的引导下,我们才能更好地理解和把握海德格尔的《存在与时间》以及它与传统的康德哲学、胡塞尔现象学哲学之间的传承性、突破性与批判性关联。

The problem of Transzendenz/Transzendental is a major problem throughout Heidegger＇s Being and Time. Based on a conceptual analysis of Transzendental in Kant and a textual explanation of Heidegger＇s discussions of this problem and the related concepts, this essay argues that the problem of Transzendenz/Transzendental in Heidegger is neither a problem of Epistemology （as explained in Neo-Kantianism）, nor a problem of Transcendental Phenomenology （as explained in Husserl）~ rather, it is, first of all, a problem of Fundamentalontologie and thus belongs to the question of ＂being＂ itself. In light of this way of thinking, we could better understand Heidegger＇s Being and Time, as well as its critical relationship with the thoughts of Kant and Husserl.