论孔子对“礼乐”制度的批判精神

On Confucius' Criticism about the System of “Rites and Music”

孔子的"仁义"思想本质上是一种"入世"哲学,是对于其生活的周代"礼乐"制度的批判性阐发。它以"家国天下"为社会制度环境,从中抽象出人道主义价值取向的社会伦理,以"孝"、"忠"、"义"三者之间的递进关系"损益"推动制度变迁的政治理想,建构起社会"五伦"关系中的伦理公平性与政治正当性原则;他提倡的"仁孝"、"义勇"、"贵和"等核心观念,既表达了春秋时代批判"礼坏乐崩"的社会现实、评价"德政"与"刑礼"制度关系优劣的独立思想,也对中国传统社会制度的演变产生了意识形态方面的影响,更是阐释当代中国社会制度的"中国特色"的重要精神资源。没有儒家"仁义"为核心的社会价值取向,就很难界定中华民族的制度文明;忽略了孔子对社会制度的批判精神,更无法说明儒家思想的本色。

Confucius' moral idea of 'benevolence and righteousness' in its nature is a kind of 'Into to the World' philosophy. It is Confucius' critical elucidation of the 'rites and music' system in Zhou Dynasty where he lived. The philosophy takes 'home, county and world' as a background of social system and draws out social ethic valued at humanism from it. It establishes principles of ethical justice in the relationships of 'Five Ethics' and political legitimacy through the political ideal that the system changes by the 'gains and losses' of the climactic relation among 'filial piety','faith' and 'loyalty'. He advocates the core concept of 'kind filial piety', 'loyal bravery' and 'valuable harmony' to express his independent idea of criticizing the 'collapse of the rituals and music' in the social reality of Spring and Autumn Dynasty and of evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the systems of 'rule by morality' and 'punishment rituals'. It ideologically influenced the evolution of Chinese traditional social system as well as spiritually originated the'Chinese particularity' of Chinese modern social system. It is difficult to define the Chinese system civilization if without the social value intention centered at Confucian's 'benevolence and righteousness'; it is also impossible to interpretConfucianism if neglecting Confucius' criticism about social system.