4Shulman,L.S.. Those who understand:Knowledge Growth in Teaching [J]. Educational Researcher, 1986,15(1):4-14.
5Griffin,Gary A.. The Education of Teachers[M]. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999. 194.
6Shulman,L. S.,Sykes,G.. A national board for teaching?In search of a b01d standard[R]. Paper presented at the Task Force on Teaching as a Profession,Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy,Standford,CA.1986.
7Shulman,L. S.. Knowledge and teaching:Foundations of the new reform[J]. Harvard Educational Review, 1987,57 (1) : 1-22.
8Cochran, K.F., DeR.uiter,J.A., King R.A..Pedagogical content knowing:an integrative model for teacher preparation [J]. Journal of Teacher Education,1993,44(4):263-272.
9Tobin,K.,Tippins,D.J.. Research on Instructional Strategies for Teaching Science [A]. Gabel,D. (Ed.). Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning [C].New York:Wacmillan Publishing company,1994. 45-93.
10Lederman,N.G.&Latz,M.. Emergence and Interactions of knowledge structures in the preservice teacher [R.].Paper resented at the Annual meeting of the National association for Research in Science Teaching,Atlanta,Georgia, 1993.
