由被动到主动:美国高等教育问责制度的发展与启示

From Passiveness to Activeness:The Development of Accountability of American Higher Education and Its Implications

自愿问责制度是美国高校在面对外界不断增加的问责压力下,由被动回应转向主动应对的结果。目前美国高校主要采用两种自愿问责方式:一是公立高校的自愿问责系统,它通过开发"大学肖像"模板,使利益相关者能够查询和比较高校绩效;二是由学生学习与问责新领导联盟开发的高校自我评估工具,它以学生学习结果的改进为抓手,重点关注高校内在评估和管理机制的审核与完善。其启示如下:第一,高校的自愿问责可通过不同方式实现;第二,问责与改善两个目标可以有机结合;第三,高校可通过自愿问责逐步实现自我规制。

Voluntary accountability is the result of American universities responding to external accountability from passively to actively, against the background of increasing pres- sure on universities of accountability from external stakeholders. American universities adopt two ways of voluntary accountability. One is voluntary system of accountability for public u- niversities and colleges, which developed ＂College Portrait＂ to enable stakeholders to inquire and compare institutional performance conveniently. The other is institutional self-assess- ment tool developed by New Leadership Alliance for Student Learning and Accountability, which makes a breakthrough in the improvement of student learning outcomes and focuses on review and improvement of mechanisms of internal evaluation and management. Three impli- cations can be drawn. Firstly, voluntary accountability of universities can be carried out via different ways; secondly, the goal of accountability and the goal of improvement can be a- chieved at the same time; thirdly, self-regulation of universities can be realized gradually by voluntary accountability.