拉康符号学视域下换喻与隐喻的关系问题

On the Relationship between Metonymy and Metaphor from Lacan's Semiotic Views

换喻与隐喻是传统修辞学中的常见修辞手段,现代认知语言学将换喻只看作是隐喻的一个分支,而符号学的研究发现换喻与隐喻不仅是语言运作产生的修辞效果,而且是内在于语言的两种基本的语言运作机制。拉康从索绪尔传统下的符号学出发,结合雅各布森的理论,发现换喻的主要特征是连结,隐喻的主要特征是代替,因此语言本身既是一种换喻,也是一种隐喻。换喻为隐喻意义的产生提供了一个意指语境,是意义产生的必要条件;而隐喻则是意义产生的充分必要条件。

Metonymy and metaphor are two common figures of speech in traditional rhetoric. Modern Cognitive Linguistics treats metonymy as a branch of metaphor, while researchers in Semiotics have found that they are not only figures of speech,but also two language mechanisms which are innate in language. Lacan applies the Semiotic theories of Saussure and Jakobson to his psychoanalysis study and finds that metonymy is characterized by contiguity while metaphor by substitution, thus language itself is both a metonymy and a metaphor. In addition, metonymy is the sufficient condition of meaning and provides a signifying context for metaphor, however, metaphor is the necessary and sufficient condition of meaning.