当代中国收入分化的现状及主要原因

The Present Situation and the Main Influential Factors of Income Disparity on Contemporary China

中国在现代化进程中面临着一些现代性问题的困扰,其中,贫富分化成为社会矛盾的焦点之一。改革开放以来,中国居民生活水平得到整体提升,但也出现了结构上的分化。造成贫富差距的原因是复杂多重的。其中,城乡二元体制造成了城乡资源分配不公和收入差距,垄断行业的存在则使得资源在少部分群体中集聚,加深了贫富之间的鸿沟。此外,中国的社会保障制度没能充分发挥其调节作用,使得部分底层群体无法解决温饱问题,造成"极贫"群体的出现。值得关注的是,单位体制下的既得利益者,在住房制度改革后又获得福利性住房,住房不公平由此产生财产不公平。国家对于不断拉大的收入差距主要采取宏观政策加以调控,改革财税制度和完善社会保障同时进行,但这并不能因此改变由城乡二元体制和垄断等所带来的必然结果,因而只能起到局部调节收入差距的效果,不能实现真正的社会公正。

China is facing modernity issues during the process of modernization. Income gap has become one of focus points of social contradictions. Chinese residents have improved their overall living standard due to the reform and opening up policy, however, there has a structural differentiation among the residents, the reasons for which are complex and multiple. Firstly, urban-rural dual structure results unfair distribution of resources and the income gap. Secondly, monopoly industries are gathering resources to the minority, which aggravating the income gap between the poor and the rich, Thirdly, the social security system can not provide the basic guarantee to all masses which are living at the edge of poverty, resulting in the appearance of＂extreme poverty class＂. Last but not the least, people who got benefits form the unit system are now granted to get welfare housing again after new housing reformation. Thus, housing injustice leads to property unfairness. Government mainly takes macroeconomic policy to regulate the widening income gap, including tax reform and social security enhancement methods. However, these methods cannot change the inevitable consequence resulting from the monopoly and urban-rural dual structure. Therefore, the methods play a limited role to achieve social fairness and justice.