西周都城诸问题试解

Keys to some puzzles on the capitals of the Western Zhou Dynasty

学术界关于西周都城问题的研究争议甚多。借助历史、环境和语言文字的多视角分析,这些问题可以获得科学、合理的答案。西周时期符合当时都城标准的城邑为周、宗周、成周、镐京、郑等五地。周即岐周,为西周王朝的首都,最为稳定的祭祀、政治、军事中心,拥有规模最大、名目最多的祭祀、政治、军事性设施。宗周即丰(邑),是王朝重要的政治、祭祀、军事中心,属于行政性陪都,其位置在今陕西户县秦渡镇左近。成周即雒(邑),拥有较强的政治、祭祀、军事功能,是统治东方的基地,亦属行政性陪都。镐(京)即(京),位于辟雍湖滨,具有居住、宴饮、渔猎、娱乐、教育及政治、祭祀等多方面功能,为西周早期的游憩性陪都。郑(西郑)即槐里,是穆王建立的新都,具有居住、渔猎、游赏及一定的政治、祭祀、军事功能,属于西周中后期的游憩性陪都,其位置在今陕西兴平东南。所谓"京师",含义等同于"周师"、"王师",不具有都城意义。这些新认识能够解释西周都城研究过程中的不少谜团、矛盾、歧异与错误,对于西周历史、环境研究和都城考古的推进乃至昆明池遗址公园规划建设具有重要意义。

There are a lot of controversies about the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. With the multiple points of view of history, environment and language, these problems can better be over- come. There were five cities, namely Zhou, Zongzhou, Chengzhou, Haojing, Zheng, which were consistent with the standard of capital during the Western Zhou period. Zhou or Qizhou（岐周）, a cap- ital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the most stable ritual, political and military center, had the largest, most varieties＇ ritual, political and military facilities. Zongzhou or Feng（丰） which located at Qindu Town（秦渡镇）, Huxian（户县）of Shaanxi , was a important political, religious and military center, with political auxiliary capital. Chengzhou or Luo（雒）which had strong political, religious and military functions, was a base of ruling the Eastern region, of the nature of political auxiliary capital. Haojing or Pangjing（莾京）, located by Piyong（辟雍） lake, with residing, eating, entertainment, edu- cation and political, sacrificial functions, was belonging to the auxiliary capital of leisure for the early Zhou. Zheng （West Zheng） or Huaili（槐里）, a new capital established by Zhou Mu--wang（周穆王）, was of important facilities of residing, fishing--hunting and enjoying and some political, religious, military functions, belonging to the auxiliary capital of leisure during the mid and late Western Zhou period, located at the Quanqiu Ruin（犬丘遗址） in southeast Xingping（兴平）, Shaanxi. The so-- called ＂Jing Shi＂ （京师）, which was equal to ＂Zhou Shi＂ （周师, the army of Zhou Dynasty）, ＂Wang Shi＂ （王师,the army of Zhou Kings）, was not equal to capital. These new understandings can explain many mysteries, contradiction, ambiguities and errors for the capitals of the Western Zhou Dynasty, will be of important significance for advancing the historical research and capital archaeology of the Western Zhou period and constructing： the Kunmin~ Pool Ruins Park_