美国黑人劳动力的教育和职业结构变动状况研究

The Analysis of the Change in Education and Occupational Structure of African American Labour Force

文章以美国“当代人口调查（CPS）”数据为依托，通过分析近50年来美国黑人、白人劳动力群体在教育水平和职业结构上的变动状况，探讨了美国“肯定性行动”政策变迁的合理性。结果表明，1964-2011年，黑人、白人群体的整体结构性差异显著缩小，证明政策的变迁具有合理性。然而，政策变迁之后，两群体在教育水平和职业层级的高层上的差距呈现出固化状态。本文进一步分析了中国各民族的结构性差异，结果发现，近年来虽然少数民族的教育水平和职业结构不断优化，但在职业层级较高的职业中，呈现出与美国族群相似的特征，即少数群体与多数群体的差异并未显著缩小，同时各少数民族之间也存在显著的结构性差异。

Based on Current Population Survey(CPS) data,this paper analyses the change in educational levels and occupational structures of white American and African American labour force in nearly 50 years and discusses rationality in the historical development of Affirmative Action.The results show that the structural differences between two groups have significantly decreased from 1964 to 2011,which verifies the reasonability of the change of policy.However,under policy change,the differences between two groups in the high educational and occupational levels have not showed further decrease.Furthermore,the paper discusses the change in structural differences among Chinese ethnic groups.