榆林窟第三窟顶髻尊胜佛母曼荼罗研究

On The Usnīsavijayā mandala of Yulin Cave 3

甘肃瓜州榆林窟第3窟长久以来被认为是建于西夏中晚期、显密图像并存的窟室。本文主要对该窟顶髻尊胜佛母十四尊曼荼罗展开研究,在分析比对几种汉、藏仪轨文书的基础上,作者倾向于认为该铺曼荼罗与11世纪末法军和巴哩译师所译藏文本《一切如来顶髻尊胜陀罗尼仪轨》最为契合。另外,作者通过对比11至13世纪几种顶髻尊胜佛母形象进而探讨了榆林窟第3窟壁画的绘制年代,佛母持宝瓶手的位置特征或能证明该窟建于西夏乾顺时期(1086-1139)。

It has long been considered that Yulin Cave 3 with exoteric and esoteric themes coexisting was constructed during the later period of the Western Xia. But this paper puts up the following idea by focusing on a Fourteen-Deity Mandala of Usnīsavijayā of Yulin Cave 3, and contrastive study of several versions of Han and Tibetan documents on ritual that the iconographic features of Yulin Usnīsavijayā Mandala perfectly corresponds with a Tibetan text entitled De bzhingshegs pa thams cad kyigtsug tor rnam par rgyalbashesbyaba'igzhugsrtog pa dang bcas pa which was translated by Choskyisde and Ba rilo tsāba in the end of 11th century. Additionally, it is also analyzed in this thesis that the unique posture of the Usnīsavijayā's hand holding a vase of Cave 3 different from the other Usnīsavijayā figures of the 11th- 13th century could mean that the frescos of Cave 3 were created during Qianshun's reign(1086-1139) of the Western Xia dynasty.