大都市郊区景观生态型土地整治模式设计

Mode design of landscape ecological land consolidation in metropolitan's suburb

开展景观生态型土地整治规划,是实现土地整治多功能发展战略的迫切需求。以上海市金泽镇土地整治项目为例,评价项目区景观格局与污染风险,提出江南水乡景观重建的土地整治目标。依据不同类型景观基底及生态功能需求设计景观调整优化模式:水系景观整治模式通过河网贯通、圩堤建设与堤边绿化,提高湖、河、塘的景观连通度;点源污染整治设置'乔灌草'缓冲带,提高隔离防护功能;基本农田整治模式强调田块撤并与农田水利建设,提高农田景观生产功能;村庄整治模式建设生活基础服务与休闲观光设施,改善村庄景观的生活休闲功能。景观生态型土地整治与传统的农地整治,在模式设计的思路与工程设置方面存在明显差异。

With the increasing urbanization around the world and the growing emphasis on environmental issues, land consolidation has gradually been considered as an important approach to protect the natural environment and improve the rural landscape. Around 2010, the orientation of China＇s rural land consolidation was transformed from emphasizing merely quantity into highlighting quantity, quality and ecology. The multi-function development strategy and task of China＇s future rural land consolidation call for the application of ecological landscape construction theory into project planning and implementation of ecological landscape land consolidation design at different land scales. Taking the Jinze land consolidation project in the Qingpu district of Shanghai as an example, the landscape of the project area was divided into river landscape, agricultural landscape and village categories, using ArcGIS and Fragstats software. By calculating 12 landscape indexes, the results of the evaluation indicated that the overall landscape pattern exhibited a high degree of landscape fragmentation, irregular shapes of patches, poor connectivity between different corridors such as river, road, ditch and so on, imperfect farmland irrigation facilities which are not balanced in the space, lower proportion infrastructure land. The industrial area was dominated by noise pollution, with a high pollution risk area of 25.19 hm2. Based on the above analysis, the paper suggests that Jiangnan landscape restoration and reconstruction can be the aim of landscape ecological land consolidation. According to different types of landscape substrate and the needs of the landscape ecology function, the paper designed different modes to adjust and optimize the landscape. In the river system landscape restoration mode, the typical Jiangnan watery area landscape features （incorporating river, lake, fish, embankment, willows, and people） need to be built through river dredging, levee construction, tree planting, and improving the connectivity of lakes rivers and ponds. In the point source pollution-control mode, a buffer zone can be designed using trees, bushes, and grass to improve the function of isolating pollution and protecting the landscape. The consolidation mode in prime farmland protection areas emphasizes merging plots of farmland and constructing modern water conservancy facilities with the aim to enhance the production capabilities of farmland. The village renovation mode focuses on the construction of live and leisure facilities, improvement of the village landscape and its live and leisure functions. The landscape ecological land consolidation mode is distinguished from the traditional farmland consolidation mode in aspects of the substrate, the goal, and the project, as its substrate is the evaluation of landscape patterns;its goal is the adjustment and optimization of the landscape, and it designs land consolidation projects according to the basement of landscape and the inner linkages of different landscape functions. The landscape ecological land consolidation mode will be the trend of the future land consolidation, while its promotion and application are limited by the features of regions and the ecological engineering technology.