推类理论与中国古代逻辑特殊性的证成

The Theory ofTuilei and the Justification for the Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Logic

自1990年代以来,从主导推理类型的不同来证成中国古代逻辑的特殊性渐趋流行。相较于古希腊逻辑对演绎推理的偏爱,学者们把推类视为中国古代逻辑的主导推理类型,并倾向于将其逻辑本质归于类比推理。但是,这一进路面临着严重的理论困难。事实上,"推类"是中国古代思想家对推理本身的称呼;以"三物"论说为核心内容的推类理论是对推理之担保机制的一般性说明。相异于西方逻辑从推理的形式特征去寻找推理的担保机制,推类理论更为关注"类"、"理"对推理过程的实质性担保。正是这后一点构成了中国古代逻辑之所以相异于西方逻辑的关键。

Since 1990s more and more scholars have argued that the characteristics of ancient Chinese logic should be better understood in terms of the popular kind of reasoning used by ancient Chinese. In contrast to deductive reasoning which is claimed to play the leading role in ancient Greek logic, tuilei （ 推类 ） is taken as the popular kind of reasoning in ancient China and equated with analogical reasoning. This approach has, however, faced some serious problems. This article will argue that ancient Chinese thinkers actually use the term of tuilei to call reasoning per se, and that the doctrine of Three Things （三物）, the kernel of the theory of tuilei, is a general description of the guarantee mechanism of reasoning. According to western logic, what guarantees the goodness of reasoning lies in the formal features of reasoning, that is to say, valid logical forms. The theory of tuilei holds, on the other hand, that the reasoner should implement the warrants which can license the passage from premise Chinese logic different from western logic. principle of sameness-in-kind to look for substantial to conclusion. It is this key point that makes ancient Chinese logic different from western logic.