古希腊时期主要修辞学派的修辞批评视角

Perspectives of Major Ancient Greek Rhetorical Schools in the Practice of Rhetorical Criticism

在古希腊时期,以苏格拉底和柏拉图为代表的哲学派从伦理、真理、知识、正义等角度出发,对以高尔吉亚和普罗塔哥拉为代表的诡辩派以及他们的诡辩修辞提出了批判,在批判中逐渐形成修辞批评的伦理视角。诡辩家则对哲学家提出了反批评,并指出了哲学家表面追求真理和正义,其实同时也是通过迎合受众来追求名誉,从而形成了修辞批评的或然性视角。亚里斯多德则从技术的角度对诡辩家和诡辩修辞提出了分析,并在这种分析中形成了修辞批评的技术分析视角。

In ancient Greece, as the representatives of philosophical school, Socrates and Plato intensively criticized Gor- gias and Protagoras, who were the representatives of sophists. Philosophers conducted their criticism with philosophical val- ues and criteria like ethics, truth, justice and knowledge; and they gradually developed an ethical perspective of rhetorical criticism. As a counterstrike, sophists brought forth anti-criticism against philosophers, pointing out that philosophers seemingly alleged to pursue truth and justice while they virtually sought name and fame by catering to audience＇s preference. In this process, sophists gradually developed a probable perspective of rhetorical criticism. Finally, after a technical analysis on sophists and their sophistic rhetoric, Aristotle developed a technical-analytic perspective of rhetorical criticism.