文明冲突、国家重建与中国历史大转型中的两次经济转型

Clash of Civilizations,National Reconstruction and Two Economic Transitions in Great Historical Transformation of China

中国历史上存在两次大的转型,一次是从封建制向郡县制转型,一次是从帝制向民主共和制转型。后者中有两个经济转型:一是从相对自由的经验主义的传统经济走向理性主义计划经济(1840-1956年),二是从理性主义计划经济走社会主义市场经济(1956年至今),大致遵循着帝国-官僚制下的自由经济——自由经济——党国一体的威权制下的自由经济——全能主义和理性主义的计划经济——非理性和无计划的命令经济——社会主义市场经济路径。这两次转型在转型动因、方向、目标、方式、绩效方面存在着差异,但都从根本上改变了资源配置方式、经济发展模式和经济运行轨迹。战争、暴动、经济危机、统治危机等极端状态会造成人类生存状况的剧烈变动,从而迫使人们改变关于现存制度的思想模型,建立新的思想模型,而新的思想模型导致人们重新建构其制度环境。

There are two great transformations in Chinese history. The first one is the transition from feudalism to the system of prefectures and counties and the second one is the transition from monarchy to the democratic republic system. In the lat- ter, there are two economic transitions： the first one is from the relatively free empirical traditional economy to the rationalist planned economy （1840 -1956）, and the second one is from the rationalist planned economy to the socialist market economy （1956- present）, roughly following the path of free economy under the empire -bureaucracy system-free economy-free e- conomy under the authoritarian one party - state system - totalitarian and rationalist planned economy - irrational and un- planned command economy- socialist market economy. In the two transitions, though there are differences in agent, direc- tion, goals, methods, and performance, the resources allocation way, economic development mode and economic operating trajectory were changed fundamentally. Extreme state of war, riots, economic crisis, and ruling crisis cause a drastic change in the human condition, thus forcing the people to change the thinking model of the existing system, and create a new think- ing model, and the new thinking model leads the people to reconstruct their institutional environment.