海洋外交的兴起:内涵、机制与趋势

The Rise of Maritime Diplomacy:Concepts,Mechanisms and Trends

作为全球化时代海洋事务与外交关系耦合的产物,海洋外交越来越成为国际外交实践范畴中一个不可忽视的对象。与传统职业外交相比。现代海洋外交是一种主体多元化、手段多样、目的明确,并且兼具强制与合作色彩的外交形态。它的兴起既是人类"走向海洋"的必然结果,也是国家安全边界扩展的客观要求;既受到人类知识空间膨胀的驱动,也反映了全球化时代世界相互依存的需要。依据强制性高低和社会属性差异,可以将海洋外交划分为炮舰外交、海军外交、海洋法律外交、海上合作外交和涉海民间外交五种实践形式。随着未来"人一海"关系的日益密切。海洋外交将在三个层面上继续成长:在思维层面上,海洋外交将经历一个从排他性、对抗性思维到竞争与合作并存的包容性思维的进化。在技术层面上.技术进步将不断推动海洋外交的实践范畴朝着"更高、更深、更远"的方向发展。在实践层面上,海洋外交的视野将会覆盖那些尚未被触及的地理区域以及有待于继续完善的制度领域。中国历史上缺乏海洋外交经验,面对近年严峻的海洋形势,中国亟须锻造国家海洋外交能力。构建适应全球新海洋文明时代需要的外交体系。

Compared with the traditional diplomacy,modern maritime diplomacy is a form of new diplomacy,which has multiple subjects,diverse approaches,clear purposes,and maintains both coercive and cooperative content.The rise of maritime diplomacy is an inevitable outcome of human beings' moving towards oceans and the expansion of national security borders.Besides,it is also motivated by human being's knowledge explosion and a reflection of the interdependence in a globalizing world.Based on the differentiation of coerciveness and social property of oceans,maritime diplomacy can be classified into five categories,namely,gunboat diplomacy,naval diplomacy,maritime law diplomacy,maritime cooperative diplomacy,and maritime nongovernmental diplomacy.As a closer relationship appears between human beings and the ocean affairs in the coming years,the maritime diplomacy will be growing constantly in the following three-levels.At the thinking level,it will be evolved from an exclusive,antagonistic thinking to a much more conclusive thinking which contains both competition and cooperation.At the technical level,the technical progress will push forward the maritime diplomacy towards a higher,deeper and further sphere.At the practical level,the vision of maritime diplomacy will cover those regions that have never been reached,and the institutions that need to be improved further.Facing the deteriorating situation in maritime affairs,China needs to forge the national capability of maritime diplomacy urgently,and tries to refresh its diplomatic system for meeting the advent of a new global maritime civilization.