不同水平负载量对“鄞红”葡萄成熟和品质的影响

Effects of different fruit loads on berry maturity and quality in grape cultivar “Yinhong”

以三年生欧美杂交种鄞红"(Vitis vinifera×Vitis labrusca)葡萄为试验材料,研究3个不同负载量水平(2,3,4kg/m2)对葡萄果实品质与成熟期的影响.结果表明,3和4kg/m2负载均能延迟果实成熟,其中4kg/m2处理相比2kg/m2处理可使果实成熟延迟42d,各处理间平均单果质量差异无统计学意义.与2kg/m2处理相比,过高负载的4kg/m2处理的可溶性固形物降低2.8%,着色不良;同时,翌年枝条萌芽率和花穗质量分别减少20.1%和19.76%,3kg/m2处理总体品质指标处于两者之间,但因成熟期的不一致,平均可溶性固形物和花青苷含量在个体间差异较大.4kg/m2处理果实成熟延迟挂树后,可溶性固形物下降5.3%,果实发生软化,硬度降低1.8%,后期果粒部分失水萎焉.因此,生产中鄞红"葡萄建议使用2kg/m2左右的正常挂果量负载水平,若有延迟需要,可适当高负载,成熟后应及时采摘.

Summary ＂Yinhong＂ grape（Vitis vinifera ×Vitis labrusca） cultivar has many excellent characteristics,such as strong resistance,high branching rate and extensive management.The maturation of this cultivar is mainly in the middle of August,and it is one of the most promising popularized varieties after＂Kyoho＂and＂Fujiminori＂in Zhejiang Province.In recent years,with the development and promotion of protected cultivation technology,the grape picking tourism industry was booming,which undoubtedly had wider requirement for the maturity of grape. However,there exists excessive load to adjust maturity and delay picking in sightseeing orchard in production,and the effect of excessive load on adjusting maturity is not clear yet,and especially its effect on grape quality after＆amp;nbsp;delaying picking had not been reported.Therefore,the aim of this research is to study the effect of different load levels on berry maturity and quality. Three-year-old＂Yinhong＂ trees were used in experiment.Three fruit load levels were designed including 2 kg/m2（1 250 kg/667 m2）,3 kg/m2（1 875 kg/667 m2）,4 kg/m2（2 500 kg/667 m2）by cluster and fruit thinning. Fruit was picked when berry seed was brown and fruit mass did not increase.The quality indexes such as fruit mass,color,hardness,fruit total soluble solids （TSS）,titration acid（TA） were determined at harvest. 〈br〉 The results showed that the growing curves of different fruit loads were the same pattern,showing a double＂S＂ curve.With the growing of the fruit,fruit diameter of 2 kg/m2 load level was highest from hardcore to maturity period,but there was no significant difference among three levels.According to the standard of harvest, both load levels of 3 and 4 kg/m2 could delay fruit ripening,and especially 4 kg/m2 could effectively delay fruit maturity by 42 days compared to 2 kg/m2 .The TSS content decreased after delaying picking a week,and could not reach 1 7% at last for 4 kg/m2 .The TA content of 2 kg/m2 load level was highest.With delaying the picking of grapes,TA content was decreased after maturity.Fruit of 4 kg/m2 load level had lower hardness compared with other two levels at maturity and was no significant change with delaying picking.The fruit masses of 3 and 4 kg/m2 load levels were lower than 2 kg/m2 ,but there were no significant difference among them.Color index of red grape of 4 kg/m2 load level was significantly lower than others.Anthocyanin content of 4 kg/m2 was reduced by 42% compared with 2 kg/m2 .The quality indexes of 3 kg/m2 load level had large fluctuation,but the mean content was between 2 and 4 kg/m2 load levels.The data in spring of 2013 showed that the 2 kg/m2 load level had higher germination rate and was easy to produce double buds than 3 and 4 kg/m2 ,however,there was no significant difference between latter two levels.The load level of 4 kg/m2 reduced the flower number by 20.1%and flower length by 1 9.76%,compared with 2 kg/m2 load level. 〈br〉 In conclusion,3 and 4 kg/m2 load levels can delay fruit maturity,however the fruit quality of 4 kg/m2 load level is bad,such as soft fruit,low TSS and anthocyanin contents.After maturity,the flavor quality of 4 kg/m2 load level decrease quickly with delaying picking.Meanwhile,the flower quality is poor in the following year.The fruit mass,hardness and anthocyanin content in the 3 kg/m2 load level are also lower than 2 kg/m2 .So higher fruit load had negative effect on fruit quality and vine potential,and it is not suggested to use in production unless it is necessary.Therefore,2 kg/m2 load level of＂Yinhong＂ grape is recommended in the production.