美国公民诉讼主体资格认定规则及启示—以“地球之友诉莱德劳公司”等三案为例

Standing to Sue in Citizen Suits: the Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Case

美国公民诉讼大致可以分为公民环境民事诉讼、公民环境行政诉讼和以自然物为共同主体的环境公民诉讼三类,其主体资格认定基本遵循了以"事实上的损害"为依据的原则,同时将公民环境权作为基本权利规定于宪法中,确立并保障了环境保护组织的诉讼地位。我国当前正在修订的《环境保护法》采单一诉权模式,将公益诉讼之诉权赋予给环保组织。由于公民环境权并未在立法中具体化,同时对诉讼主体之资格认定也缺乏明确规定,实践中面临环境公益诉讼之基础权利不足和司法机关对诉讼主体资格难以判断的问题。司法实践中立法机关和最高人民法院可尽快出台相应法律解释,在借鉴美国经验基础上,打破传统诉讼法对主体资格的禁锢,构建环保组织及其成员与公民分设诉权的二元模式。

The system of non-profit environmental suit of American are divided in three categories, which are environmental civil citizen suits, environmental administrative citizen suits and wildlife-plaintiff environmental citizen suits and summarized a bunch of rules and principles shared and specified in the suits. Compared with cases in China, the writer figured out the facts and shortages in our remaining system and offered a proposal on the base of the fundamental reality of our country by selectively following American judging rules and principles. In the meantime, our country need to break the chains of traditional procedure theory, established the non-profit suit procedure and guarantee the rights to suit of environmental protection organization.