揽镜自鉴及彼此打量——论画像与南宋道学家的自我认知及道统传承的确立

Self Reflection and Mutual Assessment: The Role of Portraiture in the Development of Neo-Confucian Self-Consciousness and the Establishment of the Canonical Tradition during the Southern Song Period

宋代人物画像颇为兴盛,存留的画像赞文献也十分丰富。在此氛围中,以朱熹为代表的南宋道学家自觉运用画像这一艺术形式,并且字斟句酌地撰写包括自赞在内的画像赞,他们反躬自问,深化自我认知,同时又通过彼此打量而加强对道学群体的整体认同感。更为重要的是,他们充分意识到配以画像赞的人物画像所具有的宣传感化作用,推而广之,使得儒家思想及道统传承观念借由艺术形式而深入人心。此外,以朱熹为代表的南宋道学家推崇的画像和所撰画像赞还体现了他们对道学谱系的思考,并展现了关于"圣贤气象"的范本。图像与思想史的关系,值得我们深入思考。

While portraiture as a genre flourished in Southern Song China,Neo-Confucian philosophers,with Zhu Xi as representative,made conscious use of this art form,writing highly polished encomia for portraits that reveal the author's careful introspection and deep awareness of the personal self. In a parallel manner,through the mutual assessment and appreciation of fellow philosophers,these encomia enhanced the awareness of group identity among Neo-Confucian scholars. More significant still is the fact that they recognized clearly the persuasive power of portraiture and promulgated it so as to ensure that Confucian philosophy and the classical canon they promoted would enter deeply into the understanding of fellow Neo-Confucian scholars. In addition,these portraits and their encomia embodied the understanding of Zhu Xi and fellow Neo-Confucian scholars toward their canonical tradition and,moreover,provided a concrete,visual model of the 'personal character of a sage'.Clearly the interrelationship of the history of thought and the history of images is worthy of further consideration.