康德哲学中善意谎言的两难及其消解

The Dilemma of a Lie and Good Intention in Kantian Philosophy and Its Unmaking

康德认为,无论造成何种坏的后果,说真话都是道德的,因为诚实是一个形式义务。然而,"诚实"这个概念却是一个多义词,它既可以指代"真诚"这个人性的价值,又可以指代"说真话"这个外在的言语行为,这个概念既是对行为的描述又是对价值的评判。由于对良心的"真诚"并不等于"说真话",在某种语境下,当无论是说真话还是说假话都无法完全满足人性的内在真诚时,说假话有可能比说真话更真诚。因此,康德的道德哲学就面临着一个"善意谎言"的两难问题。对于这一两难问题,可以通过用"真诚"、"说真话"这样的单义词来取代"诚实"这个多义词,以此来消解康德道德哲学"善意谎言"的两难问题。

In Kant's mind,it is moral to give the truth without any consideration of how bad the consequence may be,for it is a formal duty to be honest. Nevertheless,honesty means not only the intrinsic value of sincerity,but also the truth-giving speech acts; it is thus both a depiction of acts and a judgment of values. Sincerity,however,does not naturally bring forth truth-telling speech act. In some cases,when both speaking truth and speaking untruth fail to satisfy the intrinsic value of sincerity,then it could possibly be more sincere to give the untruth than to give the truth. Therefore,dealing with'lies because of good will,'Kantian philosophy of moral has a dilemma. To dissolve it,we can replace the term honesty with sincerity or telling the truth.