制度整体主义与制度个体主义──马克思与新制度经济学的制度分析方法比较

The Institutional Holism and The Institutional Individualism

马克思和新制度经济学构建制度的方法存在着根本的分歧。新制度经济学在继承和发展古典个体主义分析方法的基础上，提出了制度个体主义。由于武断地认为制度是个人选择的产物，新制度经济学的制度分析就必然以个人为理论出发点、以致陷入“人与社会相互决定、无限倒推”的二律背反的困境之中，无法真正把握制度的本质和发展变迁的规律。而马克思则以唯物史观为基础，通过批判各种古典个体主义分析方法，在充分肯定人类生存需求的作用的基础上，从人类系统与自然界系统间的关系入手，引入社会实践，从满足需求的方式、社会手段入手，抓住人类征服自然、改造自然的生产活动在历史发展中的主导地位这个关键，建立起制度整体主义分析方法，克服了制度个体主义分析方法的种种缺陷。

There are m basic differences between the methodologies of Marxism institutional theoryand the New institutional Economics. The New Institutional Economics adopts individualism methodologyunder developing classic individualism. It arbitrarily believes that individual should become the starting point when we analyze institutions because institutions are the products of individual selection.So it drops in the paradox that society determines individual which also determines society. On the contrary, on the basis of historical materialism,Malx built up the institutional holism through criticizing many kinds of classic individualism. On the basis of emphasizing the importance of human being's existence needs, Marx built up the theory of production and put the axial practices on the most important theoretic status, which determinesMarx's institutional holism is superior to the New Institutional Economics'.