全球沉积盆地的类型及演化特征

Types and evolution characteristics of global sedimentary basins

全球共发育数千个沉积盆地,而对于其分类目前尚无统一的标准;不同类型的沉积盆地,其演化特征、沉积体系及油气分布规律等均有着很大差别,因而研究盆地的类型及演化特征,不但可以丰富石油地质理论,而且对油气勘探工作也有着重要的指导作用。为此,基于对全球主要大型盆地进行的几十年的研究工作成果,依据大地构造背景及环境、构造体系特征、地球动力学因素等,盆地形成演化及纵横向结构特征,盆地充填沉积及相变这3项标准,将众多盆地从总体上划分为3大类:古生代克拉通盆地、中新生代断陷盆地(包括大陆边缘盆地等)和中新生代前陆盆地。进而论述了上述3大类盆地演化阶段及地质结构特征,结果表明:①克拉通盆地经历了裂陷—克拉通、挤压绕曲克拉通、挤压隆坳克拉通、挤压抗张克拉通坳陷盆地等4个演化阶段;②断陷盆地由早期断陷与晚期坳陷叠加而成;③前陆盆地由早期前陆、中期前陆、晚期前陆3个阶段组合而成。结论认为,上述3大类型盆地的油气资源勘探潜力总体上仍然很大,但从油气发展战略的角度来分析,其中古生代克拉通盆地待发现油气资源量为最大。

There are several thousands of sedimentary basins all over the world,but it＇s difficult to classify them for lack of a unified standard.Various sedimentary basins are very different in their evolution characteristics,sedimentary systems,and oil ＆ gas distribution patterns.Therefore,an investigation into the basin types and evolution characteristics can not only enrich the petroleum geological theories but also play a guiding role in oil and gas exploration.In view of this,based on the relevant research results over the past decades,such factors as tectonic backgrounds and settings,tectonic system features,geodynamics were focused on and accord ing to their structural genesis and evolution history,sedimentary fills and facies change,all sedimentary basins,worldwide,could be classified into three main types：Paleozoic cratonic basins,Meso-Cenozoic rifted basins （including continental margin basins,etc.）,and Meso-Cenozoic foreland basins.The evolution stages and tectonic structure features of the above three types of basins were discussed.The cratonic basins experienced the following stages：being rifted,compressive bending,squeezing depression,squeezing tensile.The rifted basins came into being by the superposition of the early and late depressions.The foreland basins were made up of the early-,medium and late-term development of forelands.In general,the above three types of basins have great potential in oil and gas exploration.But from the perspective of oil and gas development strategy,the Paleozoic cratonic basins have the greatest potential.