论刑法中兜底条款的明确性

The Clarity of the Summarized Terms

刑法中的兜底条款是立法者为堵塞、拦截行为人逃漏法网而在列举相关具体行为方式、方法或手段之后所作的概括性规定。兜底条款是否具有明确性是一个颇具争议的理论问题,考察其生成机理与结构特征就会发现,兜底条款的设置不仅在所难免,而且可以保障刑法的社会适应性、稳定性和简洁性。在同一犯罪构成中,列举性规定所描述的行为和可涵摄于兜底条款中的行为具有同质性,依据列举性规定可以推断兜底条款的大致含义,并预测行为的法律效果。所以,兜底条款的内容和适用范围并非漫无边际的,符合"最大可能的明确性"要求。为了减小兜底条款对明确性原则造成的冲击,需要审慎采用兜底条款,将有些兜底条款所涵摄的行为单独设罪或划归行政法进行规制。

The summarized terms are usually provided after the enumerated terms. In theory, whether summarized terms have clarity is a controversial problem. Through the studies on the characteristics of the summarized terms, we may find that the summarized terms are not only inevitable, but also may improve the adaptability, stability and simplicity of the criminal law. Because the behaviors described in the enumerated terms and the summarized terms is the same in nature, people may infer and predict the law effect of a specific behavior. Therefore the content and scope of the summarized terms are not ambiguous, they are not against the principle of clarity requirements. In order to reduce the impact on the principle, the legislature should reduce the summarized terms in criminal law, and some behaviors included in the summarized terms may be adjusted by administrative law.