中国麋鹿种群密度制约现象与发展策略

DENSITY DEPENDENT GROWTH AND POPULATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR P?RE DAVID'S DEER IN CHINA

198 5年我国从英国引入在我国已灭绝的麋鹿 ,分别建立了北京和大丰两个麋鹿种群。 14年来 ,这两个麋鹿种群经历了风土驯化和种群增长两个阶段。 1997年底 ,中国麋鹿数量达 6 71只。麋鹿种群的性比已经基本平衡 ,有效种群数目接近实际种群数目。北京麋鹿苑面积有限 ,大丰麋鹿仍生活围栏之中。于是 ,目前北京和大丰种群的增长都受到了种群密度的制约。对北京种群进一步的发展应加以人工调控 ,目前可能采取的措施有人工迁出部分个体和控制雌性生育率。大丰保护区有大面积海滩 ,将圈养麋鹿释放到没有围栏的海滩 ,实现建立自然生境中的野生麋鹿种群的中国麋鹿保护战略目标。同时 ,应考虑形成圈养麋鹿品系 ,为未来开发利用麋鹿资源开创条件。

Since the reintroduction of the Père david's deer in China in mid 1980's, the Beijing and Dafeng Père david's deer breeding populations have been established. During the past 14 years, the Beijing and Dafeng populations all experienced the periods of acclimatization and population growth. By the end of 1997, the total number of the Père david's deer reached 671 in China. The sex ratios in both Beijing and Dafeng Père david's deer reached balanced sex ratios and the effective population sizes also approached to sizes of the actual population in both populations. However, the carrying capacity of the Beijing Milu Park is limited, the Père david's deer in the Dafeng Père david's Deer Natural Reserve are mainly living in three paddocks of 1km\+2, thus, population densities increased as the populations grew. In the 1990's, the growths of both Beijing and Dafeng populations showed density dependent patterns, especially in the Beijing population. Hence, population regulation measures such as artificial dispersal and controlling of birth rate must be taken in order to slow down the rapid growth in the Beijing population. There is vast seashore in the Dafeng Père david's Deer Natural Reserve. Captive bred Père david's deer can be released into open coast area and to reestablish wild Père david's deer population, thus, to reduce grazing pressure by Père david's deer in the paddocks. The relocation of Père david's deer to Tianezhou, Shishou, Hubei is met with a success. The relocated Père david's deer adopted the climate of the lower reach of the Yangtze river, now the population of the Tianezhou reserve is over 200, the population growth rate is 35%. That means the lower reach of Yangtze river is suitable for further field release of the Père david's deer. When considering manipulating population structure and releasing captive bred individuals to the field, we should also keep a group of Père david's deer in captivity, to continue the process of domestication of the deer. Therefore, while restoring the Père david's deer in the nature, we will also produce a domestic Père david's deer breed, which can be farmed in the future.