体育贿赂犯罪类型与预防对策

Categories of Sports Bribery

梳理与比较国内外学者对体育贿赂犯罪现象的类型划分,提出以贿赂动机为标准,从宏观和微观层面进行分类。宏观层面分为竞赛型贿赂和非竞赛型贿赂两个总体类型;微观层面依据贿赂手段与行为目的之间的关联性,将竞赛型贿赂划分为赌博型贿赂和非赌博型贿赂两个次类型。非竞赛型贿赂则可划分为申办比赛贿赂、竞选管理者贿赂、参赛资格贿赂三个次类型。针对类型化后的犯罪行为,从体育组织和国家两个层面制定预防对策。体育组织应制定统一的贿赂行为处罚条款,构建行政官员财产申报制度,加大行政和管理的透明度,完善运动员、教练员等参赛主体行为规范制度。国家应完善体育贿赂犯罪的刑事立法,利用民事、行政等手段和方式,实施惩戒和奖励相结合的治理方式。

With literature study, mathematical statistics, logic analysis and comparative study, this paper categorizes sports bribery and puts forth that the categorization of sports briberies should be analyzed at micro and macro levels through bribery motives. There are briberies for the sports competitions and not for the competitions. Briberies for the sports competitions are those related to betting motivation and those to competition interests. Briberies related to the competition interests are those for gambling and those not for gambling. Briberies not for the sports competitions include briberies for hosting the competitions, running for administration or for participation qualification. To prevent the sports bribery, preventive measures should be taken at the national level and the level of the sports organizations. Firstly, national legislation of sports bribery should be established so that civil procedure and administrative means can be used. The sports organizations should formulate punishment for sports bribery, require personal asset declaration, make administration more open, improve ethics of the athletes and coaches.