服务于城市公园的生物多样性设计

Biodiversity Design for Urban Parks

面对城市生物多样性逐步丧失和城市生态危机的加重,在物种多样性保护的同时强化生物多样性的载体——生境多样性的规划营建是实现城市生物多样性再生的关键技术之一。梳理城市公园生境要素单元分类的基础上,文章阐述基于生境单元的城市公园生物多样性评估方法,分析游憩活动对于公园生境的干扰与分区管理策略,并通过后湾沼泽地、布鲁克林大桥公园、米勒生态公园和圣路易斯森林公园4个典型案例解读,探讨城市咸水沼泽生境、城市浅水(淡水沼泽)生境、城市草原生境、城市森林生境这4种主要城市公园异质性生境设计、建造与管理要点,最后从一般设计流程和核心设计控制指标两方面提出基于生境单元分类体系的城市公园生物多样性设计框架。

Facing the urban biodiversity loss and increased urban ecological crisis, the planning and construction of habitat diversity - the carrier of biodiversity - is one of the key technologies to achieve the regeneration of urban biodiversity. After identifying the basic elements of habitat units in urban parks, this paper discusses urban park biodiversity assessment methods based on habitat units and analyzes park habitat＇s eco-disturbance from recreation activities and the partition management strategies. Based on four typical cases study of Back Bay Fens, Brooklyn Bridge Park, Miller Ecological Park and Saint Louis Forest Park, four main habitats in urban parks are discussed to conclude the main points for habitat heterogeneity design, construction and management, including urban saltwater marsh habitat, urban shallow water （freshwater marsh） habitat, urban prairie habitat, and urban forest habitats. At the end of the paper, the framework of biodiversity design for urban parks is proposed from the aspects of general design process and critical design control indicators based on the classification system of habitat unit.