论清华简《筮法》卦位图与四时吉凶

On the “Diagram of Trigram-position” and “Prognosis by the Four Seasons” in the “Divinatory Technique” on the Tsinghua University Bamboo Slips

清华简《筮法》与《说卦传》有密切的关系,它从名义和字形上解读了四正卦的含义,主张坎南离北,坎火离水,这是对先秦易学之常例的特意修改。《筮法》将卦的五行关系作为占断方法之一种,是目前所见易学与五行相结合的最早记录。《筮法》着眼于四时运行的角度讲六卦之吉凶,体现了变通趣时的精神,其所包含的四时五行关系是战国中期阴阳与五行说合流之初始阶段的反映。只论乾坤之外六卦的四时吉凶而不论乾坤,虽然有其理由,但在理论上终有不完整之嫌。《筮法》将八、五、九、四之爻数与四时相对应,也与先秦五行说之常例相左,在爻象上也存在前后内容不相应的问题。《筮法》篇极有可能是战国中期糅合《归藏》《周易》以及某些占验之术的产物,其占断方法有些杂乱,理论上不够成熟、完善。

The chapter of ＂Divinatory Technique＂ （ Shifa 筮法 ） on the bamboo slips collected in Tsinghua University is closely related to the ＂Discussion of the Trigrams＂ （ Shuogua zhuan 说卦传） in the Book of Changes. The ＂Divinatory Technique＂ interpreted the implications of the four cardinal trigrams by their names and pictography, upholding tfigram Kan [ ] symbolizes fire and locates in the south while trigram Li [ ] represents water and resides in the north, which is a deliberate modification of the regularities of the pre-imperial Chinese scholarship on the Changes. The ＂Divinatory Technique＂ takes the relationship between the Five Agents as one of the divinatory methods, which is the earliest record combining Yi learning and the Five AgentS. It also illustrated the fortune or misfortune of the six children trigrams from perspective of the alternation of the four seasons, representing the spirit of timeliness. The correlations between the four seasons and the Five Agents conceived in the chapter reflected the early stage of the merging of the yinyang and Five-Element theories in the mid-Warring State period （476-221 BCE ）. Though it has its own reason for only illustrating prognosis by the six children trigTams except the parental trigrams, it is after all not theoretically perfect. Its correlating the lines of 八 （eight） , 五 （ five ） ,九 （nine） and 四（four） to the four seasons also differs from the pre-imperial schema of the five agents and its images of lines are not consistent, either. It might be resulted from combining the Gui cang 归藏{ lit., Returning to the Hidden }, the Zhou Changes, and some mantic arts. However, the divinatory methods of it are not well arrayed and its theory is not mature and per- feet enough.