3[1]Anderson JB, Williamson RC. Testicular torsion in Bristol: A 25-year review[J]. Br J Surg, 1988, 75(10):988～992.
4[2]Caesar RE, Kaplan GW. Incidence of bell-clapper deformity in an autopsy series[J]. Urology, 1994,44(1):114～116.
5[3]Kass EJ, Stone KT, Cacciarelli AA et al. Do all children with an acute scrotum require exploration[J]? J Urol, 1993,150(2Pt 2):667～669.
6[4]Baker LA, Sigman D, Mathews RI et al. An analysis of clinical outcomes using color doppler testicular ultrasound for testicular torsion[J]. Pediatrics, 2000,105(3):604～607.
7[5]Miller DC, Peron SE, Keck RW et al. Effects of hypothermia on testicular ischemia[J]. J Urol, 1990,143(5):1046～1048.
8KraneRJ,Siroky M Bitzpatrick.J M.clinicalUrology[M].philaclelp hia:jBLi ppincott,1994:1189.
