北方草原生态安全与草地农牧业发展

The Ecological Security and Agricultural Development of the Grasslands in Northern China

草原生态学科技工作者和广大农牧民亲历了草原最华美的风光,领悟到草原的资源价值和环境功能是不可取代的。草原的确是人类生存和经济社会发展的基本生产力,是北方各民族发展的文化摇篮,是生态安全的根本保障,是北国疆土的生态瑰宝。国务院近年发布的文件中明确规定了草原地区在今后发展中的"战略定位"首先是"我国北方重要生态安全屏障",要求全面实施生态保护与建设规划,建成人与自然和谐发展的国家生态安全地带。二是"国家重要能源基地、新型化工基地、有色金属工业基地和绿色农畜产品生产加工基地"。内蒙古自治区根据区情实际,遵照中央确定的战略定位,进一步提出了8337发展思路。北方草原地带的景观生态多样性与资源禀赋,使草原生态-产业-文化复合系统可以发挥环境-资源-经济-文化-社会的耦合效应及多项功能。但是,长期以来"草原-畜牧"成为简单的思维定式,单纯地把草原视为天然牧场。对草原生态系统的整体功能缺乏完整的理解,特别是草原的巨大环境效益常常被人们所忽略。因此,一定要总结历史经验,发扬草原文化的精髓,走向草原发展的科学创新之路。要因地制宜地治理草原退化,实行休牧与轮牧,实现草原的更新复壮。也要进行草原水资源的科学配置,开发适宜的土地,建设节水的人工草地与饲料地。还要强化草原法制管理,建立草原保育及生态补助的激励机制。总之,要发挥系统耦合效应,构建草原新型农牧产业体系。我们认为,完善对草原生态建设投资的优化管理体制,切实依靠科学技术,严格遵循自然与经济规律,草原地区实行"调整结构,转变方式,休牧轮牧,建设草地,夏牧冬饲,异地育肥,增加投入,集约经营,改善管理,确保安全,系统开放,持续发展"的模式,在发展农牧产业和建立新型产业体系的同时,保护好草原生态安全的目标是可以实现的。

Science and technology workers of the grassland ecosystem, along with the farmers and herdsman, enjoyed the most beautiful scenery of the grasslands, and realized the value of the grassland resources and that their environmental functions are irreplaceable. The grasslands are fundamental to human survival and economic and social development, they are the cradle of the northern cultures, fundamental to ecological security, and are the ecological treasure of the northern territory. In recent years, the documents issued by the Chinese government specified in the ＂strategy＂ of the grasslands for future development are about two main subjects. Firstly , ＂the important ecological security barrier of north- ern China＂, calling for the full implementation of the requirements of ecological protection and construction plan- ning, building national ecological safety zones to support the harmonious development between mankind and na-ture; secondly, ＂the nationally important energy base, new chemical industry base, non-ferrous metals industry base and the production and processing base of green agricultural, animal products＂. The landscape ecological diversity and the abundance of resources of the northern grassland regions allows the grasslands＂ ecology--industry--culture composite system to play to environment--resources-economy-culture-social coupling effects and multiple functions. But, over a long time, ＂grassland animal husbandry＂ had become a simple pattern, regarding the grass- land as merely a natural pasture. People have lacked full understanding of the integral functions of the grassland e-cosystem, especially the huge environmental benefits of the grasslands that are often ignored by people. We must sum up the historical experience, carry forward the essence of grassland culture, and walk the road of sci-tech innovation for the development of the grasslands. We must manage grassland degradation according to local conditions, carry out rotation-grazing and grazing-rest, and realize the need for rejuvenation of the grass-land. We also must continue the scientific configuration of water resources of the grassland, develop suitable land, construct new grassland, and develop water--saving feeding grounds. We still must strengthen the legal adminis- tration of the prairie, build an incentive mechanism for the conservation of the grasslands, and institute ecological subsidies. In a word, we must bring into play the coupling effect of the system, construct a new agricultural and animal husbandry industry system for the grassland. We think we should optimize the management system for ecological construction investment, rely on science and technology, strictly follow the laws of nature and economics. In the grassland areas, herdsmen should imple- ment the model of ＂structural adjustment, changing the ways of grazing, including grazing--rest and rotation-- grazing, constructing new grassland, pasturing in summer and feeding in winter, fattening over different regions, increasing input, encouraging intensive operation, improving management, ensuring safety, keeping an open sys-tem, and encouraging sustainable development＂. We can develop the agricultural and animal husbandry industry while establishing a new industrial system, and we think the goal to protect the grassland ecosystem can be a-chieved.