杭州市萧山区职业病危害风险评估初探

Preliminary study on risk assessment of occupational hazards in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou City

目的掌握杭州市萧山区职业病危害风险情况,为预警体系建立提供依据。方法对萧山区11家存在氯作业、13家存在氨作业和10家存在苯系物作业的企业生产条件、管理因素进行调查,并对作业场所进行检测,运用改良LEC风险指数评估方法对24家氯作业和氨作业企业进行综合分析评价,同时使用"格雷厄姆-金尼"危险性等级评价法以及GBZ 2.1-2007职业病危害检测单项判定定性定量评估。用职业病危害风险指数评估10家存在苯系物作业企业的职业病危害风险。结果用"格雷厄姆-金尼"法评估被调查研究的11家存在氯和13家存在氨企业现场作业条件有一般危险、显著危险、高度危险或极度危险,运用改良LEC法结合管理因素综合分析评估,24家企业氯和氨的职业中毒事故风险1家处于中等风险水平,其余23家均处于可接受的低风险水平。10家中有3家苯系物作业处于中度危害,7家处于高度危害水平,而苯的检测结果均合格,工程防护控制措施和个体防护措施分值较大,风险指数与血象异常率呈正相关(相关系数为0.709,P=0.022)。结论改良LEC风险指数评估方法和职业病危害风险指数法可分别运用于急性中毒事故和慢性职业病危害的风险评估,萧山区氯和氨职业中毒事故风险多处于可接受的低风险水平,而苯系物职业病危害程度不容乐观,将急性中毒控制在低风险水平的同时,不应忽视慢性中毒的风险控制。

[ Objective ] To investigate the risk of occupational hazards in Xiaoshan District, and provide evidence for developing ear- ly warning system of occupational hazards. [ Methods ] The production conditions and managerial factors of 11 chlorine enterprises, 13 ammonia enterprises and 10 benzene series enterprises were investigated in Xiaoshan District, and the workplaces were detected. The occupational hazards of the 24 chlorine and ammonia enterprises were comprehensively assessed by improved LEC method. And the ＂ Graham - Ginny ＂ risk level assessment and GBZ 2.1-2007 was used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of individual judgment. The occupational hazards of these 10 benzene series enterprises were assessed by quantitative assessment method. [Results]The ＂ Graham - Ginny ＂ risk level assessment showed the common risk, significant risk , high risk or extreme risk in workplaees of 11 chlorine enterprises and 13 ammonia enterprises. The improved LEC method showed 1 of 24 enterprises was the mid-grade, the others were the low-grade. Three of 10 benzene series enterprises were mid-grade, 7 of 10 were high-grade. Benzene test results were all qualified. The scores of engineering protection measures and personal protection measures were high. Risk index was positively correlated with the abnormal rate of blood （ correlation coefficient of 0. 709, P = 0. 022 ）. [ Conclusion ] Improved LEC method and occupational hazard index method can be respectively applied for risk assessment of acute poisoning and chronic poisoning. The risk level of most chlorine and ammonia enterprises in Xiaoshan District is at an acceptable low level. But the harm- ful level of benzene series is not optimistic. When the acute poisoning is controlled at a low level, the benzene series risk can not be ignored.