试析魏玛德国失业保险体制的建立

On the Establishment of the Unemployment Insurance in Weimar Germany

自19世纪末起,失业已成为德意志社会的显性问题之一。然而,用保险方法来应对失业危机的观念,却因争议颇多而被帝国政府一再搁置。"一战"期间,为获得工人阶级的支持,帝国政府改变立场,启动济贫体系改革。1927年,魏玛德国最终建立了失业保险体制。该体制虽然被魏玛政府视作控制并解决社会危机的一种手段,但是,该失业保险体制充其量是在复杂的社会交往关系、战后政治格局变迁和经济形势动荡背景中的应急产物,它缺乏对财政能力和未来发展的预见性,以致埋下了魏玛民主衰亡的导火索。

Since the end of the 19thcentury,unemployment had become one of dominant phenomena in German society. However,the unemployment insurance was shelved by the imperial government due to many disputes. During the World War I,in order to get the support from the working class,the imperial government changed its position and started the reform of the poor relief system. It was not until 1927 that the unemployment insurance system was finally established in Weimar Germany. Nevertheless,a fuse that caused directly the decline of Weimar democracy had been buried in this insurance system since it was at best a product of complicated social relations,postwar political transmission and economic fluctuations. Weimar government regarded it as a way to control and solve social crises and it failed to foresee financial capacity and possible development in the future.