走向景观叙事:传说形态与功能的当代演变研究——以法海洞与雷峰塔为中心的考察

Towards Landscape Narrative: Modern Evolution of the Form and Function of Legends: A Case Study on Fahai Cave and Leifeng Tower

景观叙事是指以传说人物与情节为前提,以景观建筑物为核心,融图像、雕塑、广告牌,以及导游词等诸多元素为一体的叙事体系。当代社会传统口述叙事日渐萎缩,景观越来越多地承担起讲述传说、传承传说价值的叙事功能,这是当代民俗的显著特点。在"白蛇传"传说中,传说人物"法海"逐渐转化为视觉景观"法海洞",并重构法海正面形象,承担了地域政治与文化建构的功能;而重建的雷峰塔则将传说拓展至围绕景观的现实生活,系统讲述与雷峰塔密切关联的传说情节,是传说景观超越语言形态的经典个案。民间传说在今天不再主要依赖口头传播,而是通过景观呈现,从而提升地域形象,发展旅游经济,成为文化产业与地域政治的重要资源。这种演变的背后,经济要素冲淡了伦理要素,地域需求替代了价值需求,是值得严重关注的问题。

Landscape narrative is a narrative system comprised of many elements such as images,sculptures,billboards and tour guide manuals with legendary characters and plots as the premise and landscape buildings as the core. When the function of traditional oral narrative in modern society becomes weaker and weaker,landscapes undertake more and more narrative functions of narrating legends and inheriting legend values. This is a remarkable feature of modern folklore. The personage 'Fahai'in the legend of the 'White Snake'has been gradually transformed into the visual landscape 'Fahai Cave'. The positive image of Fahai has been reconstructed,playing an active role in constructing regional politics and culture. The reconstructed Leifeng Tower extends the legend to real life surrounding the landscape by narrating systematically the legendary plots closely related to Leifeng Tower. This is a typical case that the legendary landscape surpasses the linguistic form. Today,folk legends are rather presented by landscapes than spread orally. In this way,the regional image is improved and local tourism is developed. Legends have become important resources of the cultural industry and regional politics. Behind this evolution,economic factors overwhelm moral factors and regional demands replace value demands.