论国家赔偿中精神损害赔偿制度——以浙江叔侄强奸致死案为视角

On the Mental Damages Compensation System in State Compensation

新修订的《国家赔偿法》第三十五条规定国家侵权行为给受害人"造成严重后果"的要支付相应的"精神损害抚慰金",首次将精神损害赔偿纳入国家赔偿范围。然而,在司法实践中,由于该法欠缺精神损害赔偿的具体标准,赔偿义务机关和审判人员在处理精神损害赔偿案件时缺乏现实的指引。以浙江叔侄强奸致死案为例,虽然最终精神损害赔偿以高达45万人民币的数额开创了历史先河,但对于这个结果,质疑的声音不绝于耳,主要集中在其合理性、合法性和科学性上。据此,我国国家赔偿中的精神损害赔偿制度,应当在借鉴西方国家精神损害赔偿制度的基础上,遵循不低于民事精神损害赔偿原则、数额适当限制原则和法官自由裁量原则,以国家侵权行为是否"造成严重后果"来判断精神损害的严重程度,根据案件的具体情况适当调整精神损害赔偿数额,落实责任追偿机制,在我国逐步建立并完善国家损害赔偿中的精神损害赔偿制度,切实维护受害人的合法权益。

The thirty-fifth provision of the new revision of State Compensation Law provides that victims should be paid a corresponding amount of＂consolation compensation concerning the mental damage＂on condition that country tort behavior leads to ＂serious consequence＂towards them,which brings the mental damage compensation into the scope of state compensation for the first time.However,in dealing with the concerned cases,the agencies liable for compensation and the judicial personnels are in lack of practical guidance in judicial practice due to the lack of specific standards of mental damage compensation.Taking for example the case in which the uncle and nephew are charged with raping the victim to death,the compensation for mental damages is up to 450,000yuan.This verdict has aroused endless questioning as regards its rationality and legitimacy.It is proposed that our mental damage compensation system should be perfected by absorbing the reasonable part of the counterpart system in the western countries.The principles to be followed should include：State mental damage compensation be no less than that of civil mental damage compensation;the sum of compensation be restricted to a certain limit;judges be granted independent judgments;the presence or absence of ＂serious consequences＂be taken as the basis for judging the seriousness of the state tort behavior;the sum of compensation be adjusted on the basis of the specific circumstances of the case;responsibility recovery be implemented.