论19世纪末20世纪初俄国的石油工业垄断

A Study on the Monopolies within Russian Petroleum Industry during Late 19th to Early 20th Century

19世纪末20世纪初,俄国石油工业垄断形成并获得快速发展。这主要是股份制公司的建立和推广、各企业之间激烈的自由竞争、外国资本的渗入及银行资本与工业资本的融合等因素,共同促进了俄国石油工业中生产和资本的空前集中,为垄断的形成提供了必要条件。在这一时期,卡特尔、辛迪加和托拉斯三种类型石油垄断组织先后建立并开展了广泛的活动,即通过建立石油及其产品的垄断价格攫取高额垄断利润;极力反对国家调控石油价格;积极参与争夺世界石油市场。这些活动给俄国石油工业的发展带来了双重影响,既有正面的促进作用,也有负面的抑制作用,从而使石油工业生产呈现出发展与停滞两种趋势同时并存、相互交替的局面。

During late 19th to early 20th century, the monopolies within Russian petroleum industry form and achieve a rapid development. The factors such as establishment and popularization of joint- stock company, intense free contention among enterprises, penetration of foreign capital, and integra- tion of bank capital with industrial capital have jointly promoted an unprecedented centralization of production and capital within Russian petroleum industry, therefore provide necessary conditions for the formation of monopolies. During this period, petroleum monopoly of three types including Cartel, Syndicate and Trust is set up one after another and carries out activities of a wide range. They grab high monopoly profits by establishing monopoly price of petroleum and its products, strongly oppose state regulation of petroleum price, and actively participate in the competition of world petroleum mar- ket. These activities bring a dual effect that is both positive and negative to the development of Rus- sian petroleum industry; therefore, the two trends of outgrowth and stagnation coexist or alternate with each other within the production of petroleum industry.