论明代学术思想体系的建构与分裂

Construction and Splitting of Academic Thinking System in Ming Dynasty

对原初性、根本性、整体性的追求是古代学术思想的一个突出特征,而持续的分裂则不断消解着这种追求,明代学术亦如此。明初,理学思想影响下的明道论、功业论、教化论流行,永乐后建立了以政事为中心,道德、政事、文章一体的学术思想体系,实现了政治权力下的学术整体化。弘、正间,复古诸子打破台阁一统的局面,学术分裂为气节、文章,道德、政事不再是学术的中心。嘉靖时出现了对气节、文章的反思,王阳明则将道德、事功、文章、气节均统一于良知之下,既改变个体气质,又以积极入世的面目出现,从而获得了一统学术的号召力。但晚明士人的思想核心是解脱、自适,由此出发,他们对道德、政事、气节、文章一一加以解构,学术再次呈现为完全的分裂状态。

The pursuit of originality, fundamentality and integrity is the peculiar characteristic of an- cient academic thought. Continuous splitting deconstructs this pursuit, so is in Ming Dynasty. In Ear- ly Ming Dynasty, theory of knowing reason, theory of achievement and theory of didactics become popular under the influence of Confucianism and an academic system integrated with morality, poli- tics and writing centered on politics is founded during the reign of Yonglc. An academic integration is realized under the control of political power. During the reign of Hong and Zheng, scholars re- store to the ancient ways and break the reign of this system, splitting academy into integrity, writing, morality and politics is not the center any longer. There appears a reflection on integrity and writing and WANG Yang-ming attributes morality, achievement, writing and integrity into good conscience, changing individual temperament, participating into the world actively so as to acquire some uniting academic rallying point. However the core of the thought of scholars in late Ming Dynasty is libera- tion, freedom and starts from this, they deconstruct morality, politics, integrity, writing and academic circle again shows a splitting situation.