论中国文人小说的“整—性”

On the “Non-Heterogeneous” Text of Chinese Classical Fictions

由于诗、词、曲、赋等各体文字的普遍使用,"非整一性"成为长期以来西方学者对中国小说文体最主要的批评。一般所谓"中国小说"或"白话小说",按其性质本应分为三类:一是"话本",本质上是说唱艺术的文字遗存;二是"世代累积型"小说,亦本为说唱艺术,但大多经历了明清书商或文人程度不一的编改;三是明清文人独立创作的"文人小说"。故唯第三类才是真正意义的小说,西方学者的批评仅对应第三类才真正有效。诗、词、曲、赋等各体文字作为口头说唱艺术时本各有其用,在"文人小说"中此类文字在不同作品中,其文本"整一性"也各自不同。也就是说,如果我们将现存所谓"小说"还原至其所产生的历史语境,我们可能得到完全相反的结论。

The heterogeneous text of Chinese classical fictions has been seen as the greatest short- coming of narration by some western scholars as shi, ci, qu, fu and other Chinese styles could be found in the same narrative text. The so-called Chinese classical fictions actually consist of three quite different kinds of text： the literal remains of the rap, the adaptions of the texts of the rap adapted by the literati and the stories created by the literati themselves. And the texts of the first two may truly be heterogeneous, but the third one may not be in that the fictionists of Ming Dynas- ty and Qing Dynasty have manifested their literary abilities by writing all the Chinese traditional styles and we should not only judge their fictions in the light of of narration, but also in the tradi- tion of Chinese literature.