作为文化生产的“性别”:当代西方马克思主义女性主义的文化批判

Gender as Cultural Production: The Cultural Critique in Contemporary Western Marxist Feminism

揭示性别的社会属性,重塑女性的主体意识是西方女性主义的两大文化诉求,因此,不仅经典马克思主义关于社会与意识的辩证论述一直是其重要理论资源,西方马克思主义对意识哲学和文化生产理论两种理论模式的发展,也都为女性主义批评所吸收。总体而言,女性主义更倚重后者。1970年代以来,西方马克思主义女性主义受到阿尔都塞意识形态理论和英国文化研究的影响,运用文化生产理论进一步深化对父权文化的社会性成因和物质性效果的理论探讨,从根本上解释了为什么性别不是单纯的生物学事实或主体意识,而是文化生产的产物,是在历史中建构起来的一整套社会制度。尤其是唯物主义女性主义提倡的"话语政治学",更是试图用文化生产理论修正后马克思主义话语理论的意识哲学倾向。

The uncovering of the sociality of gender and the reshaping of the consciousness of women are fundamental cultural ap peals of feminism, and these appeals may rely on theoretical support from both classical Marxist dialectical analysis of the rela tionship between society and consciousness and Western Marxist illuminations of the subjectivity and cultural materialism, al though the latter may take on more weight for feminist criticism. Since 1970s, Marxist feminism has absorbed the theory of cultur al production, developed on Ahhusser＇ s theory of ideology and British cultural studies, in its analysis of patriarchy, capitalism and gender system, and gender is thus disclosed as the result of patriarchal cultural production and a social institution rather than a pure biological fact or subjective identity. Through ＂the politics of discourse＂ as developed from the theory of cultural produc tion, contemporary materialism feminism may try to revise the philosophy of consciousness in the post - Marxist theory of discourse.